We report two types of the tin-based solar cells, namely, lead-free tin perovskite solar cells (Sn-PVK-PV), tin lead alloyed perovskite solar cells (SnPb-PVK-PV). Tin oxide is well-known as the electron transport layer of solar cells such as Pb-PVK PV, dye-sensitized solar cells and organic solar cells. We found that SnOx works as the HTL of the Sn-PVK PV. The basic structure is as follows: FTO glass/SnOx/Sn-PVK/C60/BCP/Ag. Efficiency over 14% and the carrier dynamics are reported. All-perovskite tandem solar cells consisting of Pb-PVK-PV (top cell) and PbSn-PVK-PV (bottom cells) are reported. PbSn-PVK PV efficiency was improved by using hybrid SAM layers working as the HTL. The efficiency over 26% is reported.
Recently, Sn perovskite solar cell (Sn PVK PV) are attracting attention. However, the efficiency was still lower than that of Pb perovskite solar cells. Recently, the Sn PVK PVs with efficiency higher than 10% have been reported from several research groups. The crystal defects include the presence of Sn4+, Sn2+ defect, I- defect, the presence of Sn0, the interstitial I- and so on. In order to decrease these defect densities, we have proposed some processes such as addition of Ge2+ ion, introduction of ethylammonium cation into A site, and surface passivation of perovskite grain boundary with diaminoethane dilute solution. Our results on efficiency enhancement (13%) is explained by the conduction and valence band energy level against carrier trap depth. In addition, an inverted SnPb perovskite solar cells with 23.3% efficiency is discussed from the view point of optimization of energy alignment.
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